The Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES): An Observational Campaign for Determining Role of Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation in Climate System

Greg M McFarquhar1, Robert Wood2, Christopher Stephen Bretherton3, Simon Alexander4, Christian Jakob5, Roger Marchand2, Alain Protat6, Patricia Quinn7, Steven Thomas Siems8 and Robert A Weller9, (1)Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, United States, (2)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, United States, (3)Allen Institute for AI, Seattle, United States, (4)Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, TAS, Australia, (5)Monash University, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Clayton, VIC, Australia, (6)Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia, (7)NOAA PMEL, Seattle, United States, (8)Monash University, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, (9)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
Abstract:
The Southern Ocean (SO) region is one of the cloudiest on Earth, and as such clouds determine its albedo and play a major role in climate. Evidence shows Earth's climate sensitivity and the Intertropical Convergence Zone location depend upon SO clouds. But, climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in the simulation of clouds, aerosols, and air-sea exchanges in this region which trace back to a poor process-level understanding. Due to the SO’s remote location, there have been sparse observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, radiation and the air-sea interface apart from those from satellites.

Plans for an upcoming observational program, SOCRATES, are outlined. Based on feedback on observational and modeling requirements from a 2014 workshop conducted at the University of Washington, a plan is described for obtaining a comprehensive dataset on the boundary-layer structure and associated vertical distributions of liquid and mixed-phase cloud and aerosol properties across a range of synoptic settings, especially in the cold sector of cyclonic storms. Four science themes are developed: improved climate model simulation of SO cloud and boundary layer structure in a rapidly varying synoptic setting; understanding seasonal and synoptic variability in SO cloud condensation and ice nucleus concentration and the role of local biogenic sources; understanding supercooled liquid and mixed-phase clouds and their impacts; and advancing retrievals of clouds, precipitation, aerosols, radiation and surface fluxes. Testable hypotheses for each theme are identified.

The observational strategy consists of long-term ground-based observations from Macquarie Island and Davis, continuous data collection onboard Antarctic supply ships, satellite retrievals, and a dedicated field campaign covering 2 distinct seasons using in-situ and remote sensors on low- and high-altitude aircraft, UAVs, and a ship-borne platform. A timeline for these activities is proposed.

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