Explanation of Europa’s Unusual Polarization Properties: The Regolith is Sub-micron, Fine-Grained, High Porosity Material

Robert M. Nelson1, Mark D Boryta2, Bruce W Hapke3, Kenneth S. Manatt4, Adaeze Nebedum5, Desiree Olivia Kroner6, Yuriy Shkuratov7, Vladimir Psarev7, Kurt Vanderoort8 and William D Smythe9, (1)Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States, (2)Mt San Antonio College, Earth Sciences and Astronomy, Walnut, CA, United States, (3)University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, (4)K2 Technical Services, Pasadena CA, United States, (5)Mt San Antonio College, Walnut, CA, United States, (6)University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Chemical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, United States, (7)Kararzin University, Institute for Astronomy, Kharkiv, Ukraine, (8)California Polytechnic State University at Pomona, Department of Physics, Pomona, CA, United States, (9)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States