Water Films: Moisture that Extends Beyond the Capillary Wetting Front

Abstract:

Imbibition dynamics were investigated by measuring upward imbibition rates in laboratory vertical columns that were filled with sandy loam soil media. The contribution of films and capillary water which drives the infiltrating wetting front was successfully quantified. It was demonstrated that films move ahead of the wetting front only after capillary water has ceased driving percolation, and that the hydraulic diffusion coefficient (Dh) of film flow varied from 10-70% of the hydraulic diffusion coefficient of capillary water. The magnitude of Dh depended upon particle size distribution, surface roughness and initial moisture content of the media.

What is the potential value of this mechanism in soil moisture dynamics research? (1) In coarse textured soils with low capillary potential, film that stretches well beyond the capillary wetting front can provide moisture to microbiota and mycorhyza, thereby increasing nutrient diffusion to a broader area than by capillary based models (e.g., modeling of drip irrigation systems). Even though the potential role of films in these processes has been previously discussed, the magnitude of potential moisture delivery has not been measured. (2) Films surging ahead of a decelerating capillary front may reduce the effect of subsurface water repellency. It is known that over time, moisture decreases both the contact angle of water against silica and water repellent soils. Therefore, in time, a film may predispose sandy soil to greater imbibition capacity. (3) The need to maximize water efficiency becomes exceedingly important in drought threatened, semi-arid irrigated agriculture.

A thoughtful, yet realistic balance must be reached between water conservation and crop production. As our climate changes and water needs increase, protecting against crop failure will require a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that control soil moisture dynamics. This study adds to this conversation by investigating higher level complexities than are presently understood, including the associated complexities provided by particle shapes, sizes, mineral content, roughness, microbial activity and antecedent moisture. The intent of this project is to provide a mathematical relationship that is useful in numerical modeling of real soil media moisture dynamics.