The Electric Wind of Venus: A global and persistent “polar wind” like ambipolar electric field sufficient for the direct escape of heavy ionospheric ions
Glyn Collinson1, Rudy Frahm2, Alex Glocer3, Andrew J Coates4, Joseph M Grebowsky1, Stas Barbash5, Andrei Fedorov6, Yoshifumi Futaana7, Lin Gilbert8, George V Khazanov9, Shawn D Domagal-Goldman10, Tom Andre Nordheim11, David L Mitchell12, Thomas Earle Moore13, William Peterson14, David Winningham2 and Tielong Zhang15, (1)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (2)Southwest Research Institute, Southwest Reasarch Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States, (3)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Division, Greenbelt, United States, (4)University College London, Centre for Planetary Sciences (at UCL/Birkbeck), London, United Kingdom, (5)NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, United States, (6)CNRS - Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France, (7)IRF Swedish Institute of Space Physics Kiruna, Kiruna, Sweden, (8)University College London, London, United Kingdom, (9)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States, (10)NASA Headquarters, Washington, United States, (11)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, United States, (12)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (13)NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, United States, (14)Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, United States, (15)Space Research Institute, Graz, Austria
