A33H:
Organic Carbon in the Atmosphere: Reactivity, Budgets, and Lifecycle I Posters

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Session ID#: 12821

Session Description:
The oxidation of organic compounds plays a central role in the chemistry of the troposphere, as it controls the cycling of oxidants and forms key secondary products such as ozone and secondary organic aerosol. Accurately representing such processes requires a detailed understanding of the reactivity, fate, and budget of atmospheric organic compounds under a wide range of conditions, from pristine to anthropogenically-dominated environments. This session will focus on recent advancements in our understanding of the overall atmospheric budget and lifecycle of reactive organic carbon, as enabled by new field, laboratory, and modeling efforts. Of particular interest are studies of rates and products of reactions affecting organic carbon in both the gas and condensed phases, characterization of the reactivity of complex organic mixtures (e.g., by OH reactivity measurements), and new modeling approaches for describing the evolving composition and chemistry of atmospheric organic species.
Primary Convener:  Jesse H Kroll, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, United States
Conveners:  Jennifer Kaiser, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, GA, United States and Frank N Keutsch, Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
Chairs:  Jesse H Kroll, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, United States and Frank N Keutsch, Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
OSPA Liaison:  Frank N Keutsch, Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
Index Terms:

0305 Aerosols and particles [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0317 Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0322 Constituent sources and sinks [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]

Abstracts Submitted to this Session:

Aerosol-Phase Production of Nitrogen-Containing Oligomers After Uptake of Methylglyoxal and Cloud Processing (171376)
David O De Haan, University of San Diego, San Diego, United States, Matthieu Riva, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, WA, United States, Jason D Surratt, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, United States, Mathieu Cazaunau, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR7583, Universités Paris-Est Créteil et Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France and Jean-Francois Doussin, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR7583, Universités Paris-Est Créteil et Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil Cedex, France
Comparison of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation between Gas-phase and Aqueous-phase Reactions: A Case Study on Guaiacol (152659)
Wenqing Jiang1, Lu Yu1, Lindsay Yee2, Matthew Mitchell Coggon3, John Seinfeld4, Cort Anastasio5, Shan Zhou1 and Qi Zhang1, (1)University of California Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA, United States, (2)University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, Berkeley, CA, United States, (3)National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/U.S. Department of Commerce operative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences/Chemical Sciences Division Boulder 80309 (United States), Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, United States, (4)California Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pasadena, United States, (5)University of California Davis, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, Davis, CA, United States
Effects of Relative Humidity on the Molecular Transformation of Aqueous Organic Droplets Oxidized by Gas-Phase Hydroxyl (OH) Radicals  (148401)
Man Mei Chim, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Chun Yin Chow, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, James F Davies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States and Man Nin Chan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Diffusion Dependence on Aerosol Composition by Analytical Solution: Derivation, Implementation and Limitation Inside a Multi-process Model (178045)
Simon O'Meara, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13, United Kingdom, David O Topping, University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science, Manchester, United Kingdom, Rahul A Zaveri, Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, United States, Jonathan Reid, University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Bristol, United Kingdom and Gordon McFiggans, University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
A Monte-Carlo Analysis of Organic Aerosol Volatility with Aerosol Microphysics (175047)
Chloe Yuchao Gao1,2, Kostas Tsigaridis3,4 and Susanne Bauer3,4, (1)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, United States, (2)NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States, (3)Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, United States, (4)NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, United States
Role of sucrose in the heterogeneous uptake of dimethylamine by ammonium sulfate aerosol particles (154609)
Yangxi Chu1 and Chak K. Chan1,2, (1)Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Environment, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (2)City University of Hong Kong, School of Energy and Environment, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Observations of liquid-liquid phase separation in several types of secondary organic materials free of inorganic salts (155181)
Mijung Song, Jeonbuk National University, Department of Environment and Energy, Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonju, South Korea, Pengfei Liu, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States, Scot T Martin, Harvard University, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, Allan K Bertram, The University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver, BC, Canada and Suhan Ham, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
The interplay between acid-base and free radical chemistry in the heterogeneous oxidation and fragmentation of citric acid in aqueous aerosol by OH radicals (185594)
Matthew Liu1, Aaron A Wiegel1, Kevin R Wilson2 and Frances A Houle2, (1)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, United States, (2)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
CH3O2+OH as a Major Remote Source of Atmospheric Methanol: a Theoretical and Modelling Study (126267)
Jean-Francois Muller1, Jozef Peeters2, Trissevgeni Stavrakou3, Jeremy Harvey2 and Zhen Liu2, (1)Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium, (2)University of Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium, (3)Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
Aqueous reactions of triplet excited states with allylic compounds  (150266)
Richie Kaur1, Cort Anastasio1, Brandi M Hudson2 and Dean J Tantillo2, (1)University of California Davis, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, Davis, CA, United States, (2)University of California Davis, Department of Chemistry, Davis, CA, United States
First results of the PTR-3-TOF a novel instrument for studying the lifecycle of reactive organic carbon in the atmosphere (144601)
Armin Hansel1, Martin Breitenlechner2, Lukas Fischer1, Eva Canaval1 and Markus Hainer1, (1)University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, Innsbruck, Austria, (2)Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
Measurements of Organic Composition of Aerosol and Rainwater Samples Using Offline Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (145198)
Rachel E O'Brien1, Kelsey J Ridley1, Manjula R Canagaratna2, Phil Croteau3, Sri H Budisulistiorini4, Tianqu Cui5, Hilary Sophia Green4, Jason D Surratt6, John Toulson Jayne7 and Jesse H Kroll8, (1)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States, (2)Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, United States, (3)Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, United States, (4)University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, (5)University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States, (6)University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, United States, (7)Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, MA, United States, (8)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, United States
Molecular Characterization of PM2.5 Water-Soluble Organic Matter by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (199497)
Ho-Jin Lim, PARK JUN-Hyun and Zaeem Bin Babar, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, Republic of (South)
A study of photochemical againg of ambient air using Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) chamber under the different sources and types of emissions (146742)
Taehyoung Lee1, Jihwan Son2, Jounghwa Kim2, Jeongsoo Kim3, Sunmoon Kim2, Kijae Sung2, Gyutae Park4, Michael Link5, Taehyun Park4, Kyunghoon Kim4, Seokwon Kang6, Jihee Ban4 and Deug-Soo Kim7, (1)Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, South Korea, (2)NIER National Institute of Environmental Research, Transportation Pollution Research Center, Incheon, South Korea, (3)NIER National Institute of Environmental Research, Transportation Pollution Research Center, Incheon, Korea, Republic of (South), (4)Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Environmental Science, Yongin, South Korea, (5)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (6)Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Environmental Science, Yongin, Korea, Republic of (South), (7)Kunsan National University, Environmental Engineering, Kunsan, Korea, Republic of (South)
Classification of organic aerosol in the atmosphere over Seoul based on chemical group separation using two dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC TOFMS) data (154029)
Sohyeon Jeon1, Hyung Bae Lim2, Narae Choi1, JiYi Lee3, Yun Kyong Ahn4 and Yong Pyo Kim5, (1)Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South), (2)Chosun University, Environmental Engineering, Gwangju, Korea, Republic of (South), (3)Ewha Women's University, Environmental Engineering, Seoul, South Korea, (4)KBSI Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South), (5)Ewha Womans University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Seoul, South Korea
Characterizing oxidative flow reactor SOA production and OH radical exposure from laboratory experiments of complex mixtures (engine exhaust) and simple precursors (monoterpenes) (133630)
Michael Link1, Beth Friedman2, John Victor Ortega3, Jihwan Son4, Jonghwa Kim4, Jeongsoo Kim4, Guytae Park5, Taehyun Park6, Kyunghoon Kim6, Taehyoung Lee7 and Delphine Farmer1, (1)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, United States, (2)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (3)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, United States, (4)National Institute of Environmental Research, Transportation Pollution Research Center, Incheon, Korea, Republic of (South), (5)Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Environmental Science, Yongin, Korea, Republic of (South), (6)Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Environmental Science, Yongin, South Korea, (7)Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, South Korea
Laboratory Measurements of Biomass Cook-stove Emissions Aged in an Oxidation Flow Reactor: Influence of Combustion and Aging Conditions on Aerosols (189986)
Andrew P Grieshop1, Stephen M Reece2, Aditya Sinha3 and Roshan Wathore2, (1)North Carolina State University Raleigh, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States, (2)North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States, (3)North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Raleigh, United States
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation of Tailpipe Emissions from On-road Gasoline Vehicles (194410)
Yunliang Zhao1, Andrew T Lambe2, Rawad Saleh3, Georges Saliba3, Greg Drozd4, Hector Maldonado5, Satya Sardar5, Bruce Frodin5, Lynn M Russell6, Allen H Goldstein7 and Allen L Robinson1, (1)Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, (2)Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, United States, (3)Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, (4)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (5)California Air Resources Board, Sacromento, United States, (6)University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, (7)University of California Berkeley, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
­­Secondary organic aerosol formation from photo-oxidation of wood combustion emissions: Characterization of gas phase precursors and their link to SOA budget (182821)
Deepika Bhattu1, Giulia Stefenelli2, Peter Zotter3, Jun Zhou4, Thomas Nussbaumer3, Amelie Bertrand5, Nicolas Marchand6, Brice Temime Roussel7, Urs Baltensperger4, Jay G Slowik5, Andre S Prevot5, Imad El-Haddad5 and Josef Dommen5, (1)Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland, (2)Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland, (3)Lucerne School of Engineering & Architecture, 2CC Thermal Energy Systems & Technology, Bioenergy Research, Horw, Switzerland, (4)Paul Scherrer Institute, Villingen, Switzerland, (5)Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland, (6)Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE UMR 7376, 13331, Marseille, France, (7)LCE, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
Oxidation of Tree Oil Containing a Complex Mixture of Sesquiterpenes: Keeping Track of the Carbon (166113)
Caleb Arata1, Pawel K Misztal2, Gabriel A Isaacman-VanWertz3, Lindsay Yee4, Jonathan P. Franklin5, Rachel O'Brien3, Christopher Y Lim5, Paola Massoli6, Andrew T Lambe7, John B Nowak8, Timothy Bruce Onasch6, Manjula R Canagaratna7, Joseph R Roscioli6, Scott C. Herndon7, John Toulson Jayne9, Douglas R Worsnop6, Luping Su10, Daniel Alexander Knopf11, Jesse H Kroll5 and Allen H Goldstein12, (1)University of California Berkeley, Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, United States, (2)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (3)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States, (4)University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, Berkeley, CA, United States, (5)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, United States, (6)Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, United States, (7)Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, United States, (8)NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States, (9)Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, MA, United States, (10)Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, (11)Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, United States, (12)University of California Berkeley, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States
Monoterpene oxidation in an oxidative flow reactor: SOA yields and the relationship between bulk gas-phase properties and organic aerosol growth (150466)
Beth Friedman1, Michael Link1 and Delphine Farmer2, (1)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (2)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, United States
Exploring the potential ramifications of missing reactivity (188088)
Jennifer Kaiser, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, GA, United States
Temperature Dependency of the Correlation between Secondary Organic Aerosol and Monoterpenes Concentrations at a Boreal Forest Site in Finland (136726)
Ying Zhou, Lund University, Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund, Sweden, Wenxin Zhang, University of Copenhagen, København K, Denmark and Janne Rinne, Lund University, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund, Sweden
OH reactivity for screening crop volatiles (157000)
Nora Zannoni1, Valerie Gros2, Francois Truong1, Raluca Ciuraru3, Florance Lafouge4, Lais Gonzaga4, Christophe Boissard1, Patricia Laville4, Bernard Bonsang5, Dominique Baisnee1, Roland Sarda Esteve1, Brigitte Durand4, Jean-Christophe Geudet4, Olivier Zurfluh4, Olivier Fanucci4 and Benjamin Loubet4, (1)LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France, (2)UMR CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, IPSL, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France, (3)CNRS, Paris Cedex 16, France, (4)INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris Cedex 07, France, (5)Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
Measurements of total OH reactivity during PROPHET-AMOS 2016 (180860)
Pamela Rickly1, Sebastien Dusanter2, Philip S Stevens3, Brandon Bottorff4, Michelle Lew5, Sofia Sklaveniti6, Thierry Leonardis7, Nadine Locoge7 and PROPHET-AMOS Team, (1)University of Colorado at Boulder, CIRES, Boulder, CO, United States, (2)Ecole des Mines de Douai, Douai Cedex, France, (3)Indiana University, O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Bloomington, United States, (4)Indiana University Bloomington, O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Bloomington, United States, (5)Indiana University Bloomington, Chemistry, Bloomington, IN, United States, (6)Mines Douai, Atmospheric Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Douai, France, (7)Mines Douai, Atmospheric Sciences and Environmental Engineering (SAGE), F-59508 Douai, France
Exchange of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) at the Atmosphere-Soil Interface under Ambient Conditions: a Coated-Wall Flow Tube Study (180667)
Guo Li1,2, Hang Su3, Uwe Kuhn4, Hannah Meusel1, Ulrich Pöschl4, Min Shao5 and Yafang Cheng6, (1)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, (2)Peking University, Beijing, China, (3)Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, (4)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany, (5)Jinan University, College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China, (6)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Minerva Research Group, Mainz, Germany
Seasonal measurements of organic acid fluxes over a ponderosa pine forest (152223)
Steven Ryan Fulgham1, Patrick Brophy2, Michael Link3, John Victor Ortega4 and Delphine Farmer2, (1)Colorado State University, Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (2)Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (3)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (4)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, United States
Assessing the atmospheric oxidation of pesticides used to control mosquito populations in Houston, TX. (159876)
Sascha Usenko, Baylor University, Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Waco, TX, United States, Adelaide E Clark, Baylor University, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waco, TX, United States, Subin Yoon, Baylor University, Environmental Science, Waco, United States and Rebecca J Sheesley, Baylor University, Environmental Sciences, Waco, TX, United States
An investigation of oxidation products and SOA yields from OH + pesticide reactions (152421)
Trey Murschell1,2, Beth Friedman2, Michael Link2 and Delphine Farmer3, (1)Colorado State University, Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (2)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (3)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, United States
Elemental and Organic Carbon Measurements at the Kosetice Observatory, Czech Republic within EU Projects in 2009-2014 (173186)
Milan Vana1, Adela Holubova2 and Jan Cech2, (1)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (2)junior scientist, Kosetice Observatory, Kosetice, Czech Republic
Size-Resolved Composition of Organic Aerosol on the California Central Coast (194483)
Jonathon E Babila, Charles J Depew, Shannon E Heinrich and Matthew Zoerb, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States
Sources and Fate of Reactive Carbon over North America (177207)
Xin Chen, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, United States, Dylan B Millet, University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, Saint Paul, United States, Hanwant B Singh, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States and Armin Wisthaler, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Flux observations of isoprene oxidation products above a South East US forest point to chemical conversions on leaf canopy surface (195889)
Pawel K Misztal1, Luping Su2, Jeong-Hoo Park3, Rupert Holzinger4, Tran Nguyen5, Alex Teng6, Jason Michael St Clair7, Paul O Wennberg8, John D Crounse9, Roger Seco10, Thomas Karl11, Lisa Kaser12, Armin Hansel13, Eva Canaval13, Frank N Keutsch14, John E Mak15, Alex B Guenther16, Allen H Goldstein17, Bernhard Mentler13, Ben Lepesant13, Jörg-Peter Schnitzler18 and Eva Partoll13, (1)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (2)Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, (3)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (4)Utrecht University, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht, Netherlands, (5)UC Davis, Environmental Toxicology, Davis, United States, (6)California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA, United States, (7)Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, United States, (8)California Institute of Technology, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Pasadena, United States, (9)California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, United States, (10)University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, (11)University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, (12)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, United States, (13)University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, Innsbruck, Austria, (14)Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (15)Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, United States, (16)University of California Irvine, Department of Earth System Science, Irvine, CA, United States, (17)University of California Berkeley, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Berkeley, CA, United States, (18)Helmholtz Center Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany

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