Adaptive evolution of Escherichia coli to Ciprofloxacin in controlled stress environments: emergence of resistance in continuous and step-wise gradients

Jinzi Deng1,2, Lang Zhou3, Yiran Dong4,5, Robert A. Sanford1,6, Lauren A Shechtman7,8, Reinaldo E Alcalde3, Charles J Werth9,10 and Bruce W Fouke5,11, (1)Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, United States, (2)University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, United States, (3)University of Texas at Austin, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Austin, TX, United States, (4)Institute for Genomic Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, United States, (5)University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, United States, (6)University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Geology, Urbana, IL, United States, (7)University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Chemistry, Urbana, IL, United States, (8)University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Integrative Biology, Urbana, IL, United States, (9)University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States, (10)University of Texas at Austin, Maseeh Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Austin, United States, (11)University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Geology, Urbana, IL, United States