Why resistance is not futile: grain resistance forces can explain the observed wide variations in critical shear stresses

Elowyn Yager, University of Idaho, Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Ecohydraulics Research, Moscow, ID, United States, Alexandre Badoux, WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland and Mark Walter Schmeeckle, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States