Super Magnetic Storms and Their Occurrence Probabilities

Abstract:

Super-intense magnetic storms (defined here as those with Dst < -500 nT) although relatively rare, have the largest societal and technological relevance. Such storms can cause life-threatening power outages, satellite damage, satellite communication failures, navigational problems, and loss of low Earth orbiting satellites. In this talk, first the present knowledge about the magnetic storms will be reviewed. Then, the super magnetic storms that had occurred in the past will be discussed with a special focus on the Carrington storm . This will be followed by the consideration of super magnetic storms of the present age (or space-age era). Next, the maximum possible intensity of an extreme magnetic storm, followed by the occurrence probability of superstorms having intensities equal to that of the Carrington event or higher, will be discussed.