A31A:
Aerosols, Clouds, Precipitation, Trace Gas Chemistry, Meteorology, and Their Complex Interactions in Amazonia III Posters


Session ID#: 7262

Session Description:
Several recent experiments in Amazonia are showing complex interactions between aerosols, clouds, trace gases and meteorology for both the pristine environment as well as the situations influenced by urban and biomass burning emissions. The GoAmazon2014/15, ATTO (Amazon Tall Tower Experiment) ground based experiments as well as the airborne campaigns of ACRIDICON-CHUVA and GoAmazon-IARA are revealing new insights in the complex atmospheric interactions in Amazonia. Long-term observations shows that in the wet season, Amazonia has a very pristine atmospheric composition, that changes with the urban influences as well as with biomass burning emissions in the dry season. Results from studies in Amazonia on aerosol particles characterization, aerosol-cloud interactions, tropospheric chemistry, formation of secondary organic aerosols, biogenic and biomass burning aerosols and related issues will be discussed in this session. Contributions from studies in other wet tropical regions are also welcome.
Primary Convener:  Paulo Artaxo, USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Conveners:  Scot T Martin, Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, Meinrat O Andreae, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany and Luiz Machado, INPE National Institute for Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
Chairs:  Paulo Artaxo, USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Scot T Martin, Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
OSPA Liaison:  Henrique M Barbosa, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Cross-Listed:
  • B - Biogeosciences
  • GC - Global Environmental Change
Index Terms:

0305 Aerosols and particles [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0315 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0320 Cloud physics and chemistry [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0345 Pollution: urban and regional [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]

Abstracts Submitted to this Session:

CCN numerical simulations for the GoAmazon with the OLAM model (63582)
Renato Ramos-da-Silva1, Reinaldo Haas1, Henrique M Barbosa2 and Luiz Machado3, (1)Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Physics, Florianópolis, Brazil, (2)University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, (3)INPE National Institute for Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
Development of Large-Scale Forcing Data for GoAmazon2014/5 Cloud Modeling Studies (64715)
Shuaiqi Tang1, Shaocheng Xie1, Yunyan Zhang1, Courtney Schumacher2, Hannah M Upton3, Maike Ahlgrimm4 and Zhe Feng5, (1)Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States, (2)Texas A&M University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College Station, TX, United States, (3)Texas A & M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States, (4)European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom, (5)Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, MD, United States
Spectral Light Absorption and Scattering by Aerosol Particles in Central Amazonia (63996)
Bruna Amorim Holanda1, Joel Ferreira De Brito2, Samara Carbone3, Henrique M Barbosa4, Luciana Varanda Rizzo5, Glauber G. Cirino6, Meinrat O Andreae7, Jorge Saturno8, Christopher Pöhlker7, Scot T Martin9, Brent Holben10, Joel Schafer11 and Paulo Artaxo1, (1)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (2)USP University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Physics, São Paulo, Brazil, (3)Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil, (4)University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, (5)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Diadema, Brazil, (6)Federal University of Para, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Pará, Brazil, (7)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, (8)Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany, (9)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (10)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (11)Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Greenbelt, MD, United States
The impact of anthropogenic emissions on the otherwise pristine Amazonian rainforest: Insights on aerosol dynamics as observed during GoAmazon2014/5 (69232)
Joel Ferreira De Brito1, Glauber G. Cirino2, Luciana Varanda Rizzo3, Bruna Amorim Holanda4, Samara Carbone5, Henrique M Barbosa6, Florian Ditas7, Christopher Pöhlker8, Xuguang Chi8, Mira L. Krüger8, Daniel Moran8, Jorge Saturno9, Meinrat O Andreae8, Suzane S de Sá10, Yingjun Liu11, Scot T Martin12, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza13, Jian Wang14, Brett B Palm15, Jose L Jimenez16 and Paulo Artaxo4, (1)USP University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Physics, São Paulo, Brazil, (2)Federal University of Para, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Pará, Brazil, (3)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Diadema, Brazil, (4)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (5)Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil, (6)University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, (7)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany, (8)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, (9)Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany, (10)Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States, (11)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (12)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (13)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (14)Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, United States, (15)University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, United States, (16)University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States
QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE: AEROSOL VISCOELASTIC MEASUREMENT CALIBRATION AND SUBSIQUENT H2O UPTAKE (66482)
David Robert Farland Jr1, Mary Kathleen Gilles1,2, Tristan Harder1, Johannes Weis1 and Simon Mueller1, (1)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States, (2)Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States
Factors Controlling Liquid Particulate Matter in Amazonia (70228)
Adam P Bateman1, Zhaoheng Gong1, Suzane S de Sá1, Rebecca Ann Wernis2, Lindsay Yee3, Gabriel A Isaacman-VanWertz2, Allen H Goldstein2, Paulo Castillo4, Arthur J Sedlacek III5, Brett B Palm6,7, Pedro Campuzano-Jost7,8, Doug A Day7,9, Weiwei Hu6,7, Jose L Jimenez6,7, M. Lizabeth L Alexander10, Antonio O Manzi11, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza12, Paulo Artaxo13 and Scot T Martin14,15, (1)Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (2)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (3)University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, Berkeley, CA, United States, (4)SUNY - Farmingdale State College, Electrical Engineering, Farmingdale, NY, United States, (5)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, United States, (6)University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (7)University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States, (8)University of Colorado at Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, Boulder, United States, (9)University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (10)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States, (11)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil, (12)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (13)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (14)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (15)Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
Formaldehyde and Glyoxal Measurements as Tracers of Oxidation Chemistry in the Amazon Basin (70598)
Mitchell P Thayer1, Matthew Ryan Dorris2, Frank N Keutsch3, Stephen R. Springston4, Jose L Jimenez5, Brett B Palm6, Roger Seco7, Saewung Kim8, Lindsay Yee9, Rebecca Ann Wernis10, Allen H Goldstein10, Gabriel A Isaacman-VanWertz10, Yingjun Liu11 and Scot T Martin12, (1)University of Wisconsin Madison, Chemistry, Madison, WI, United States, (2)University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, (3)Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (4)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States, (5)Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States, (6)University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, United States, (7)University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, (8)University of California Irvine, Department of Earth System Science, Irvine, CA, United States, (9)University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, Berkeley, CA, United States, (10)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (11)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (12)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
Scale up the influence of aerosols on deep convection derived from GoAmazon/CHUVA measurement to Amazon basin. (74919)
Sudip Chakraborty, Jackson School of Geosciences, Austin, TX, United States and Rong Fu, University of Texas at Austin, Department of Geological Sciences, Austin, TX, United States
Anthropogenic Effects on the Mixing State of Aerosols over Manaus during the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) Campaign (75724)
Matthew W Fraund1, Don Pham1, Tristan Harder2, Rachel O'Brien3, Bingbing Wang4, Alexander Laskin5, Mary Kathleen Gilles2 and Ryan Moffet1, (1)University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States, (2)Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States, (3)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States, (4)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States, (5)Pacific North West National Laboratory, EMSL, Richland, WA, United States
OH observations in a tropical rain forest environment using a chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique during GOAmazon intensive campaigns (76650)
Saewung Kim1, Roger Seco2, Jeong-Hoo Park3, Steven J Sjostedt4, Alex B Guenther1, James N Smith5, Yingjun Liu6, Jose Oscar Vega Bustillos7, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza8, Julio Tota9 and Scot T Martin10, (1)University of California Irvine, Department of Earth System Science, Irvine, CA, United States, (2)University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, (3)NIER National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea, Republic of (South), (4)Georgia Institute of Tech, Atlanta, GA, United States, (5)UC Irvine, Chemistry, Irvine, United States, (6)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (7)IPEN, San Paulo, Brazil, (8)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (9)Federal University of Western Para, Santarem, Brazil, (10)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
Characterizing the Chemical Complexity of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds from Biomass Burning in Amazonia (76977)
Rebecca Ann Wernis1, Lindsay Yee2, Gabriel A Isaacman-VanWertz1, Nathan M Kreisberg3, Suzane S de Sá4, Yingjun Liu5, Scot T Martin6, M. Lizabeth L Alexander7, Brett B Palm8, Weiwei Hu9, Pedro Campuzano Jost10, Doug A Day11, Jose L Jimenez12, Paulo Artaxo13, Juarez Viegas14, Antonio O Manzi15, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza16, Susanne V Hering3 and Allen H Goldstein1, (1)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (2)University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, Berkeley, CA, United States, (3)Aerosol Dynamics Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States, (4)Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (5)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (6)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (7)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States, (8)University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, United States, (9)Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, (10)University of Colorado at Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, Boulder, United States, (11)CIRES, Boulder, CO, United States, (12)University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (13)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (14)Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM, Brazil, (15)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil, (16)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States
Surface Ozone Enrichment Downwind of Manaus City, in Central Amazonia (75714)
Luciana Varanda Rizzo1, Nicole P Rodrigues1, Joel Brito2, Glauber G. Cirino3, Samara Carbone4, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza5, Henrique M Barbosa6, Paulo Artaxo7 and Scot T Martin8, (1)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Diadema, Brazil, (2)Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Brazil, (3)Federal University of Para, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Pará, Brazil, (4)Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil, (5)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (6)University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, (7)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (8)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
CCN activity of Amazonian aerosols during GoAmazon 2014/5 (83298)
Jian Wang1, Ryan Thalman1, Suzane S de Sá2, Brett B Palm3, Henrique M Barbosa4, Mira L. Pöhlker5, M. Lizabeth L Alexander6, Samara Carbone7, Pedro Campuzano Jost8, Doug A Day9, Weiwei Hu10, Chongai Kuang11, Antonio O Manzi12, Nga Lee Ng13, Christopher Pöhlker14, Arthur J Sedlacek III15, Gunnar Senum1, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza16, Stephen R. Springston1, Thomas B Watson1, Ulrich Pöschl14, Meinrat O Andreae14, Paulo Artaxo17, Jose L Jimenez18 and Scot T Martin19, (1)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States, (2)Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (3)University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, United States, (4)University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, (5)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany, (6)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States, (7)Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil, (8)University of Colorado at Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, Boulder, United States, (9)CIRES, Boulder, CO, United States, (10)University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (11)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, United States, (12)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil, (13)Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States, (14)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, (15)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, United States, (16)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (17)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (18)University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (19)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
The Interaction between Surface-Atmosphere Exchange and Convective Precipitation in the Amazon: Results of the GoAmazon Boundary Layer Experiment (66838)
Paul C Stoy1, Jose D Fuentes2, Tobias Gerken3, Amy Trowbridge4, Gabriel George Katul5, Rosa M Nascimento dos Santos6, Antonio O Manzi7, Juliane Mercer4, Luiz Machado8, Julio Tota9, Celso von Randow10, Gilberto Fisch8, Fernando Ramos8 and Marcelo Chamecki11, (1)Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA, Madison, United States, (2)Pennsylvania State University Main Campus, University Park, PA, United States, (3)Pennsylvania State University, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, University Park, PA, United States, (4)Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States, (5)Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, United States, (6)Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil, (7)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil, (8)INPE National Institute for Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, (9)Federal University of Western Para, Santarem, Brazil, (10)Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil, (11)Pennsylvania State University Main Campus, Department of Meteorology, University Park, PA, United States
Impact of Shallow Clouds on Cloud-Permitting WRF Simulations of the Diurnal Cycle of Convection over the Amazon (73532)
Casey D. Burleyson1, Zhe Feng1, Samson M Hagos2, Jennifer M Comstock1, Larry K Berg1, Courtney Schumacher3, Scott E Giangrande4 and Charles N. Long5, (1)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States, (2)Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, MD, United States, (3)Texas A&M University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College Station, TX, United States, (4)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, United States, (5)Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States
Assessment of extreme precipitation events over Amazon simulated by global climate models from HIGEM family (82776)
Maria de Souza Custodio, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, United States, Tercio Ambrizzi, USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Rosmeri Da Rocha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
BIOMASS BURNING RELATED OZONE DAMAGE ON VEGETATION OVER THE AMAZON FOREST: A MODEL SENSITIVITY STUDY (77016)
Stephen Sitch1, Gerd Folberth2, Federica Pacifico3, Jim M Haywood4, Florent Malavelle3, Luciana Varanda Rizzo5 and Paulo Artaxo6, (1)University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, EXETER, United Kingdom, (2)Met Office Hadley center for Climate Change, ESMS, Exeter, United Kingdom, (3)University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, (4)Met Office Hadley center for Climate Change, Exeter, United Kingdom, (5)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Diadema, Brazil, (6)University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Aerosol Chemical and Physical Characterization in Central Amazonia during the 2013 Dry Season (80513)
Rafael Stern, INPA National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil, Joel Brito, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Brazil, Samara Carbone, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil and Paulo Artaxo, USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Long-term Chemical Characterization of Submicron Aerosol Particles in the Amazon Forest – ATTO Station (78527)
Samara Carbone1, Joel Brito2, Luciana Varanda Rizzo3, Bruna Amorim Holanda4, Glauber G. Cirino5, Jorge Saturno6, Mira L. Krüger7, Christopher Pöhlker7, Nga Lee Ng8, Lu Xu9, Meinrat O Andreae7 and Paulo Artaxo4, (1)USP University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Physics, São Paulo, Brazil, (2)Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Brazil, (3)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Diadema, Brazil, (4)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (5)Federal University of Para, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Pará, Brazil, (6)Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany, (7)Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, (8)Georgia Tech Research Institute, Chemical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, United States, (9)Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Atlanta, GA, United States
Emission and Chemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as Observed at T3: Contrast of the Dry and Wet Seasons (79169)
Yingjun Liu1, Karena A McKinney2, Thomas B Watson3, Stephen R. Springston3, Roger Seco4, Jeong-Hoo Park5, Saewung Kim6, John E Shilling7, Alex B Guenther6, Lindsay Yee8, Gabriel A Isaacman-VanWertz9, Rebecca Ann Wernis9, Allen H Goldstein9, Joel Brito10, Paulo Artaxo11, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza12, Antonio O Manzi13 and Scot T Martin14, (1)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (2)Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, (3)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States, (4)University of California Irvine, Dept. of Earth System Science, Irvine, CA, United States, (5)NIER National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea, Republic of (South), (6)University of California Irvine, Department of Earth System Science, Irvine, CA, United States, (7)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States, (8)University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, Berkeley, CA, United States, (9)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (10)Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Brazil, (11)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (12)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (13)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil, (14)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
Precipitation Insights From A Merged Dataset of Vertically Pointing ARM Radars and Ground Disdrometers During GOAmazon (80048)
Scott E Giangrande1, Tami Fairless2 and Michael P Jensen1, (1)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, United States, (2)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
An Intensive Study of Aerosol Optical Properties in the Outflow of the Manaus Urban Plume, in Central Amazon (84646)
Glauber G. Cirino1, Joel Brito2, Luciana Varanda Rizzo3, Henrique M Barbosa4, Samara Carbone5, Bruna Amorim Holanda6, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza7, Julio Tota8, Scot T Martin9 and Paulo Artaxo6, (1)Federal University of Para, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Pará, Brazil, (2)Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, Brazil, (3)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Diadema, Brazil, (4)University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, (5)Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil, (6)USP University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (7)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (8)Federal University of Western Para, Santarem, Brazil, (9)Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States

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