A41K:
Wintertime Atmospheric Chemistry: Emissions, Dispersion, Aerosols, Halogens, and Unusual Oxidants II Posters


Session ID#: 7972

Session Description:
Nearly 60% of the world’s population lives north of the tropics, accounting for 70% of anthropogenic CO2, 65% of nitrogen oxide and 73% of sulfur dioxide emissions, with peak emissions at mid latitudes. During summertime, rapid oxidation converts primary emissions to secondary pollutants, such as ozone and aerosols, near to source regions. Slower chemical conversion rates in winter lead to wider dispersion of primary pollutants and oxidation dominated by heterogeneous or multiphase chemistry and longer-wavelength photolysis reactions such as those of carbonyls and halogens.  Acute impacts are associated with strong temperature inversions that exacerbate primary pollutant exposure and semi-volatile aerosol haze episodes, with snow cover playing a potentially important role. This session invites submissions from recent field, laboratory and modeling studies relevant to mid- and high-latitude winter that advance the understanding of seasonal and latitudinal impacts of anthropogenic pollutants at all scales.
Primary Convener:  Steven S Brown, NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
Conveners:  William R Simpson, University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fairbanks, United States and Joel A Thornton, University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States
Chairs:  Joel A Thornton, University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States and William R Simpson, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, United States
OSPA Liaison:  Steven S Brown, NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
Index Terms:

0305 Aerosols and particles [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0345 Pollution: urban and regional [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0368 Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]

Abstracts Submitted to this Session:

Insights into Submicron Aerosol Composition and Sources from the WINTER Aircraft Campaign Over the Eastern US. (62667)
Jason Clay Schroder1,2, Pedro Campuzano Jost2,3, Doug A Day4, Dorothy L Fibiger5, Erin E. McDuffie6, Nicola J Blake7, Alan J Hills8, Rebecca S Hornbrook9, Eric C Apel10, Andrew John Weinheimer11, Teresa Lynn Campos9, Steven S Brown12 and Jose L Jimenez13, (1)Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, United States, (2)Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States, (3)University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (4)CIRES, Boulder, CO, United States, (5)NOAA, CSD, Boulder, CO, United States, (6)US Environmental Protection Agency - Washington DC, Washington, United States, (7)University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, (8)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, United States, (9)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States, (10)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, United States, (11)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, United States, (12)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, (13)University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States
Particle pH Inferred from Aircraft Data: Validation and Geographical, Vertical and Seasonal Characteristics with Case Studies from the WINTER Campaign (85455)
Hongyu Guo, Georgia Institute of Technology, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States, Rodney J Weber, Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus, Atlanta, GA, United States, Athanasios Nenes, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts (LAPI), Lausanne, Switzerland, Amy Sullivan, Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, United States, Joel A Thornton, University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker, Tofwerk, Thun, Switzerland, Jose L Jimenez, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States, Pedro Campuzano Jost, University of Colorado at Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, Boulder, United States, Jason Clay Schroder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States and Jack E Dibb, University of New Hampshire Main Campus, Institute for the Study of Earth, Ocean, and Space, Durham, NH, United States
Sources and Distributions of Secondary Aerosols over the Northeastern United States during the WINTER Aircraft Campaign. (79711)
Viral Shah1, Lyatt Jaegle2, Jessica Haskins3, Pedro Campuzano Jost4, Jason Clay Schroder5, Jose L Jimenez6, Amy Sullivan7, Rodney J Weber8, Jack E Dibb9, Jaime Ross Green10, Marc Nicholas Fiddler11, Solomon Bililign12, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker13, Ben H. Lee14, Patrick R Veres15 and Joel A Thornton2, (1)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (2)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States, (3)University of Washington Seattle, Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, WA, UNITED STATES, (4)University of Colorado at Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, Boulder, United States, (5)Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States, (6)University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (7)Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, United States, (8)Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus, Atlanta, GA, United States, (9)University of New Hampshire Main Campus, Institute for the Study of Earth, Ocean, and Space, Durham, NH, United States, (10)North Carolina A & T State University, Applied Science and Technology, Greensboro, United States, (11)North Carolina A & T State University, NOAA-ISET Center, Greensboro, NC, United States, (12)North Carolina A & T State University, Physics, Greensboro, NC, United States, (13)Tofwerk, Thun, Switzerland, (14)University of Washington Seattle Campus, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, United States, (15)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, United States
Compositional Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter in Fairbanks, Alaska (63638)
Kristian Nattinger, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States, William R Simpson, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, United States and Deanna Huff, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Juneau, United States
Wintertime Haze Formation in Beijing (65161)
Misti E Levy Zamora, Texas A & M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
Summer-winter differences in the relationships among background southeastern U.S. aerosol optical, micro-physical, and chemical properties (86318)
James P Sherman, Appalachian State University, Physics and Astronomy, Boone, NC, United States, Michael Link, Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States and Yong Zhou, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
Background Southeast United States Aerosol Optical Properties and Their Dependence Upon Meteorology (86084)
Christopher Pawlyszyn1, Matthew West1, James P Sherman1, Michael Link2 and Yong Zhou3, (1)Appalachian State University, Physics and Astronomy, Boone, NC, United States, (2)Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, United States, (3)Colorado State University, Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, United States
Ammonia Partitioning into the Condensed Phase in Winter Time Conditions (69879)
Jaime Ross Green, North Carolina A & T State University, Applied Science and Technology, Greensboro, United States, Solomon Bililign, North Carolina A & T State University, Physics, Greensboro, NC, United States, Marc Nicholas Fiddler, North Carolina A & T State University, NOAA-ISET Center, Greensboro, NC, United States, J. Brian Leen, Nikira Labs, Inc., Mountain View, United States, John Holloway, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, United States, Dorothy L Fibiger, NOAA, CSD, Boulder, CO, United States, Erin E. McDuffie, US Environmental Protection Agency - Washington DC, Washington, United States, Joel A Thornton, University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States and Steven S Brown, NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
Source Characterization of Formaldehyde in the Wintertime Eastern US (78732)
Joshua P DiGangi1, Glenn Wolfe2,3, Jason M St Clair3,4, Thomas F Hanisco4, Teresa Lynn Campos5, Carlena J Ebben6, Tamara Sparks6, Paul J Wooldridge6, Ronald C Cohen7, Denise D Montzka8, Andrew John Weinheimer9 and WINTER Science Team, (1)NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States, (2)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (3)University of Maryland Baltimore County, Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States, (4)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States, (5)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States, (6)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (7)University of California, Berkeley, Earth and Planetary Science, Berkeley, United States, (8)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States, (9)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, United States
Evaluating the Impacts of N2O5 Heterogeneous Reaction and ClNO2 Production on Reactive Nitrogen and Tropospheric Ozone in Southern China (67904)
Qinyi LI, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Li Zhang, Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China, Yee Jun Tham, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong, China, Qiang LIU, Nanjing University, Institute for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing, China, Ravan Ahmadov, University of Colorado at Boulder, CIRES, Boulder, CO, United States, Likun Xue, Shandong University, Environment Research Institute, Qingdao, China and Tao Wang, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong, China
Nighttime NOx Chemistry in Coal-Fired Power Plant Plumes (76809)
Dorothy L Fibiger1, Erin E. McDuffie2, William P Dube3, Patrick R Veres4, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker5, Ben H. Lee6, Jaime Ross Green7, Marc Nicholas Fiddler8, Carlena J Ebben9, Tamara Sparks9, Andrew John Weinheimer10, Denise Montzka11, Teresa Lynn Campos12, Ronald C Cohen13, Solomon Bililign14, John S Holloway15, Joel A Thornton16 and Steven S Brown3, (1)NOAA, CSD, Boulder, CO, United States, (2)US Environmental Protection Agency - Washington DC, Washington, United States, (3)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, (4)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, United States, (5)Tofwerk, Thun, Switzerland, (6)University of Washington Seattle Campus, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, United States, (7)North Carolina A & T State University, Applied Science and Technology, Greensboro, United States, (8)North Carolina A & T State University, NOAA-ISET Center, Greensboro, NC, United States, (9)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (10)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, United States, (11)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, United States, (12)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States, (13)University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States, (14)North Carolina A & T State University, Physics, Greensboro, NC, United States, (15)NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, United States, (16)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States
Examining the Role of N2O5 Hydrolysis and ClNO2 Production Over the Northeast United States: Results from WINTER 2015 Aircraft Campaign (83201)
Jessica Haskins1, Lyatt Jaegle2, Joel A Thornton2, Viral Shah3, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker4, Ben H. Lee5, Dorothy L Fibiger6, Erin E. McDuffie7, Steven S Brown7, Jose L Jimenez8, Rodney J Weber9, Jack E Dibb10, Doug A Day11, John Holloway12, Marc Nicholas Fiddler13, Pedro Campuzano Jost14, Jason Clay Schroder15, Amy Sullivan16, Patrick R Veres17 and Jaime Ross Green18, (1)University of Washington Seattle, Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, WA, UNITED STATES, (2)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States, (3)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (4)Tofwerk, Thun, Switzerland, (5)University of Washington Seattle Campus, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, United States, (6)NOAA, CSD, Boulder, CO, United States, (7)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, (8)University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (9)Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus, Atlanta, GA, United States, (10)University of New Hampshire Main Campus, Institute for the Study of Earth, Ocean, and Space, Durham, NH, United States, (11)CIRES, Boulder, CO, United States, (12)Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, United States, (13)North Carolina A&T State University, Chemistry, ISET Center, Greensboro, United States, (14)University of Colorado at Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, Boulder, United States, (15)Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States, (16)Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, United States, (17)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, United States, (18)North Carolina A & T State University, Applied Science and Technology, Greensboro, United States
The impact of ClNO2 production on tropospheric nitrogen oxides and oxidants in a global model (78693)
Steven S Brown1, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez2, J F Lamarque3, Douglas Edward Kinnison3, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker4, Joel A Thornton5, Lyatt Jaegle5, Dorothy L Fibiger6 and Erin E. McDuffie7, (1)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, (2)Spanish National Research Council, Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano (CSIC), Madrid, Spain, (3)NCAR, Boulder, CO, United States, (4)Tofwerk, Thun, Switzerland, (5)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States, (6)NOAA, CSD, Boulder, CO, United States, (7)US Environmental Protection Agency - Washington DC, Washington, United States
OMI observations of bromine monoxide emissions from salt lakes (81652)
Raid M M Suleiman1, Kelly Chance1, Xiong Liu2, Gonzalo Gonzalez Abad2 and Thomas p Kurosu3, (1)Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States, (2)Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, United States, (3)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States
Vertical Structure and Vertical Evolution of Halogen Activation Events Observed by Autonomous Buoys (71411)
William R Simpson1, Peter Peterson2,3 and Justine Burd2, (1)University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, United States, (2)University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States, (3)University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Utilizing SO2/CO2 Mixing Ratios to Determine SO2 Uptake by a Regional Cloud Layer (63753)
Solomon Bililign1, Jaime Ross Green2, Marc Nicholas Fiddler3, Lyatt Jaegle4, Joel A Thornton4, Steven S Brown5, Viral Shah6, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker7, Ben H. Lee8, Jessica Haskins9, Dorothy L Fibiger10, Erin E. McDuffie11, Tamara Sparks12, Carlena J Ebben12, Paul J Wooldridge13, Ronald C Cohen14, Patrick R Veres15, Andrew John Weinheimer16, Jack E Dibb17, Jason Clay Schroder18, Doug A Day19, Jose L Jimenez20, Amy Sullivan21, Hongyu Guo22, Rodney J Weber23, Teresa Lynn Campos24, J. Brian Leen25, Joshua P DiGangi26 and Glenn M Wolfe27, (1)North Carolina A & T State University, Physics, Greensboro, NC, United States, (2)North Carolina A & T State University, Applied Science and Technology, Greensboro, United States, (3)North Carolina A&T State University, Chemistry, ISET Center, Greensboro, United States, (4)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States, (5)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, (6)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (7)Tofwerk, Thun, Switzerland, (8)University of Washington Seattle Campus, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, United States, (9)University of Washington Seattle, Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, WA, UNITED STATES, (10)NOAA, CSD, Boulder, CO, United States, (11)US Environmental Protection Agency - Washington DC, Washington, United States, (12)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (13)UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (14)University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States, (15)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, United States, (16)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, United States, (17)University of New Hampshire Main Campus, Institute for the Study of Earth, Ocean, and Space, Durham, NH, United States, (18)Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States, (19)CIRES, Boulder, CO, United States, (20)University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (21)Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, United States, (22)Georgia Institute of Technology, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States, (23)Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus, Atlanta, GA, United States, (24)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States, (25)Nikira Labs, Inc., Mountain View, United States, (26)NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States, (27)UMBC/NASA Goddard, Greenbelt, MD, United States
Validation of Point Source Emissions of SO2 Using Aircraft Data (67092)
Marc Nicholas Fiddler1, Jaime Ross Green2, Solomon Bililign3, Erin E. McDuffie4, Dorothy L Fibiger5, Steven S Brown4, Lyatt Jaegle6, Andrew John Weinheimer7, Joel A Thornton6, Teresa Lynn Campos8, Viral Shah9, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker10, Ben H. Lee11, Jessica Haskins12, Tamara Sparks13, Carlena J Ebben13, Paul J Wooldridge14, Ronald C Cohen15, Patrick R Veres16, Jack E Dibb17, Jason Clay Schroder18, Pedro Campuzano-Jost18,19, Doug A Day20, Jose L Jimenez21, Amy Sullivan22, Hongyu Guo23, Rodney J Weber24, J. Brian Leen25, Joshua P DiGangi26 and Glenn M Wolfe27, (1)North Carolina A & T State University, NOAA-ISET Center, Greensboro, NC, United States, (2)North Carolina A & T State University, Applied Science and Technology, Greensboro, United States, (3)North Carolina A & T State University, Physics, Greensboro, NC, United States, (4)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, (5)NOAA, CSD, Boulder, CO, United States, (6)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States, (7)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, United States, (8)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States, (9)Harvard University, Cambridge, United States, (10)Tofwerk, Thun, Switzerland, (11)University of Washington Seattle Campus, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, United States, (12)University of Washington Seattle, Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, WA, UNITED STATES, (13)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (14)University of California, Dept. of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, United States, (15)University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States, (16)NOAA Boulder, Boulder, United States, (17)University of New Hampshire Main Campus, Institute for the Study of Earth, Ocean, and Space, Durham, NH, United States, (18)Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States, (19)University of Colorado at Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, Boulder, United States, (20)CIRES, Boulder, CO, United States, (21)University of Colorado at Boulder, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder, CO, United States, (22)Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, United States, (23)Georgia Institute of Technology, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States, (24)Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus, Atlanta, GA, United States, (25)Nikira Labs, Inc., Mountain View, United States, (26)NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States, (27)UMBC/NASA Goddard, Greenbelt, MD, United States
Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model for Simulating Winter Ozone Formation in the Uinta Basin with Intensive Oil and Gas Production (80479)
Rebecca Matichuk1, Gail Tonnesen1, Deborah Luecken2, Shawn Jon Roselle2, Sergey L Napelenok3, Kirk R Baker4, Robert Chad Gilliam5, Chris Misenis6, Benjamin Murphy7 and Donna B Schwede8, (1)Environmental Protection Agency - EPA Region 8, Office of Partnerships and Regulatory Assistance (OPRA), Denver, CO, United States, (2)U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, United States, (3)U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, United States, (4)Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States, (5)Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, United States, (6)Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, Research Triangle Park, United States, (7)US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Durham, United States, (8)Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
Airborne Observations of Urban-Derived Water Vapor and Potential Impacts on Chemistry and Clouds (69339)
Olivia Elizabeth Salmon, Purdue University, Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, United States, Paul B Shepson, Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, United States, Robert M. Grundman II, Purdue University, Aviation Technology, West Lafayette, IN, United States, Brian H Stirm, Purdue University, Aviation and Transportation Technology, West Lafayette, IN, United States, Xinrong Ren, NOAA, Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, United States; University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, United States, Russell R Dickerson, University of Maryland, Oceanic and Atmospheric Science, College Park, MD, United States and Jose D Fuentes, Pennsylvania State University, Meteorology, University Park, PA, United States
Radical production from photosensitization of imidazoles (66958)
Pablo Corral Arroyo1, Laura Gonzalez2, Sarah Steimer3, Raphael Aellig3, Rainer M Volkamer4, Christian George5, Thorsten Bartels-Rausch1 and Markus Ammann6, (1)Paul Scherrer Institute, Villingen, Switzerland, (2)University of Colorado, Boulder, United States, (3)Paul Scherrer Institut & ETH Zurich, Villigen PSI, Switzerland, (4)University of Colorado at Boulder, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Chemistry, Boulder, United States, (5)Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,69626,Villeurbanne,France, Villeurbanne, France, (6)Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland

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