Hunting liquid micro-pockets and quasi-liquid layers in snow and ice: Melting and Pre-melting of ice in presence of HCl, NaCl, or formic acid as seen by core electron spectroscopy and its implications for chemical reactivity. 

Thorsten Bartels-Rausch1, Fabrizio Orlando1, Xiangrui Kong1, Astrid Waldner1, Luca Artiglia2, Thomas Huthwelker3 and Markus Ammann4, (1)Paul Scherrer Institute, Villingen, Switzerland, (2)Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland, (3)Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Villigen PSI, Switzerland, (4)Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland