A direct estimate of volume, heat and fresh water exchange between the northeast Atlantic and the Nordic Seas

H. Thomas Rossby, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States, Charles N Flagg, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, Leon Chafik, University of Bergen, and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway and Henrik Soiland, Inst Marine Research, Bergen, Norway